Условное обозначение:  Определение  Показатель во всех странах  Ранжирование
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Preliminary statement:
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The evolution of the Европейское сообщество (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's supranational organization of 27 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth и the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is truly unique.
Although the EU is not a федерация in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, или Mercosur, и it has many of the attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, и currency, as well as an incipient common foreign и security policy in its dealings with other nations.
In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likely to be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The Мир Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed после the regular country entries. |
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Историческая справка:
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Following the two devastating Мир Wars of the first half of the 20th century, a number of European leaders in the late 1940s became convinced that the only way to establish a lasting peace was to unite the two chief belligerent nations - Франция и Германия - both economically и politically. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed an eventual union of all Europe, the first step of which would be the integration of the каменный уголь и steel industries of Western Europe. The following year the European Coal и Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members, Бельгия, Франция, West Германия, Италия, Люксембург, и the Нидерланды, signed the Treaty of Paris.
The ECSC was so successful that within a few лет the decision was made to integrate other parts of the countries' economies. In 1957, the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) и the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), и the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, и the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken и they have been held every five лет since.
In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition Дании, Ирландия, и the Великобритания. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Греция joining in 1981 и Испания и Португалия in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign и defense policy, in judicial и internal affairs, и in the creation of an economic и monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the Европейское сообщество (EU). In 1995, Австрия, Финляндия, и Швеция joined the EU, raising the membership total to 15.
A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it became the unit of exchange for all of the EU states except the Великобритания, Швеция, и Дания. In 2002, citizens of the 12 euro-area countries began using the euro banknotes и coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Кипр, the Чешская республика, Эстония, Венгрия, Латвия, Литва, Мальта, Польша, Словакия, и Словения - и in 2007 Болгария и Румыния joined, bringing the current membership to 27. In order to ensure that the EU can continue to function efficiently with an expanded membership, the Treaty of Nice (in force as of 1 February 2003) set forth rules streamlining the size и procedures of EU institutions. An effort to establish an EU constitution, begun in October 2004, failed to attain unanimous ratification. A new effort, undertaken in June 2007, calls for the creation of an Intergovernmental Conference to form a political agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, which is to serve as a constitution. Unlike the constitution, however, the Reform Treaty would amend existing treaties rather than replace them.
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Месторасположение:
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Europe between the Северный Атлантический океан на западе и Россия, Беларусь, и Украина to the восток
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Ссылка на карту «Всемирного справочника ЦРУ»
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Europe
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Площадь:
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всего: 4,324,782 кв. км.
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Площадь в сравнении с США:
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less than один-half the size of the US
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Протяженность сухопутных границ:
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всего: 12,440.8 км
пограничные государства: Албания 282 км, Андорра 120.3 км, Беларусь 1,050 км, Хорватия 999 км, Holy See 3.2 км, Лихтенштейн 34.9 км, Македония 394 км, Молдавия 450 км, Монако 4.4 км, Норвегия 2,348 км, Россия 2,257 км, Сан-Маринo 39 км, Сербия 945 км, Швейцария 1,811 км, Турция 446 км, Украина 1,257 км
примечание: data for European Continent only
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Протяженность водных границ:
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65,992.9 км
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Территориальные воды:
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нет
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Климат:
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cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the север to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the юг
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Особенности местности:
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fairly flat along the Baltic и Atlantic coast; mountainous in the central и southern areas
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Возвышенности:
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самая низкая точка Lammefjord, Дания -7 m; Zuidplaspolder, Нидерланды -7 m
самая высокая точка Mont Blanc 4,807 m; note - situated on the border between Франция и Италия
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Природные ресурсы:
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железная руда, природный газ, нефть, каменный уголь, медь, свинец, цинк, боксит, уран, поташ, соль, hydropower, пахотные земли, леса, рыба
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Использование земельных ресурсов:
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пахотные земли: нет
многолетние культуры: нет
другое: нет
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Орошаемые земли:
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168,050 кв. км. (2003 est.)
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Природные опасности:
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наводнения along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes in the юг; volcanic eruptions in Италия; periodic засухи in Испания; ice floes in the Baltic
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Загрязнения окружающей среды:
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нет
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Присоединение к международным соглашениям:
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party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 82, Tropical Timber 94
signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
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Население:
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491,018,683 (July 2008 est.)
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Возрастно-половая структура:
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0-14 лет: 15.7% (мужчин 37,208,905/female 35,254,445)
15-64 лет: 67.2% (мужчин 155,807,769/female 153,690,235)
65 лет и более: 17.1% (мужчин 32,592,595/female 46,273,197) (2008 est.)
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Средний возраст:
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note - see individual country entries of member states
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Темп прироста/убыли населения в последний год
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0.11% (2008 est.)
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Рождаемость:
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10.25 рожденных на 1000 населения (2008 est.)
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Смертность:
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10.39 смертей на 1000 населения (2008 est.)
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Чистый показатель миграции:
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1.23 приезжих на 1000 населения (2008 est.)
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Число мужчин относительно женщин:
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при рождении: 1.06 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
до 15 лет: 1.06 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
15-64 лет: 1 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
65 лет и более: 0.68 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
все население: 0.92 мужчин по отношению к женщинам (2008 est.)
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Уровень младенческой смертности:
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всего: 6.38 смертей на 1000 рожденных
мужчин: 7.23 смертей на 1000 рожденных
женщин: 5.49 смертей на 1000 рожденных (2008 est.)
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Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни:
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все население: 77.32 лет
мужчин: 74 лет
женщин: 80.84 лет (2008 est.)
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Общий уровень фертильности:
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1.5 детей на одну женщину (2008 est.)
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Доля ВИЧ-инфицированных среди взрослого населения:
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note - see individual country entries of member states
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Люди, живущие с ВИЧ/СПИДОМ:
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note - see individual country entries of member states
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ВИЧ/СПИД - смертные случаи:
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note - see individual country entries of member states
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Религии:
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католики (Римская Католическая церковь), протестанты, Orthodox, мусульмане, иудаисты
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Языки:
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Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, английский, Estonian, Finnish, French, Gaelic, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, испанский, Swedish
примечание: only official languages are listed; German, the major language Германии, Австрия, и Швейцария, is the most widely spoken mother tongue - over 19% of the EU population; английский is the most widely spoken language - about 49% of the EU population is conversant with it (2007)
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Union название:
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полное название страны: Европейское сообщество
аббревиатура названия страны: EU |
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Political structure:
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a hybrid intergovernmental и supranational organization |
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Столица:
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название: Brussels (Бельгия), Strasbourg (Франция), Люксембург
географические координаты: 50 50 N, 4 20 E
отличие по времени: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC от стандартного времени)
переход на летнее время: на 1 час вперед, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
примечание: the Council of the Европейское сообщество meets in Brussels, Бельгия, the European Parliament meets in Brussels и Strasbourg, Франция, и the Court of Justice of the European Communities meets in Люксембург
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Member states:
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27 countries: Австрия, Бельгия, Болгария, Кипр, Чешская республика, Дания, Эстония, Финляндия, Франция, Германия, Греция, Венгрия, Ирландия, Италия, Латвия, Литва, Люксембург, Мальта, Нидерланды, Польша, Португалия, Румыния, Словакия, Словения, Испания, Швеция, Великобритания; note - Canary Islands (Испания), Azores и Madeira (Португалия), French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, и Reunion (Франция) are sometimes listed separately even though they are legally a part Испании, Португалия, и Франция; candidate countries: Хорватия, Македония, Сербия, Турция |
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Независимость:
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7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the EU); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)
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Национальные праздники:
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Europe Day 9 May (1950); note - a Union-wide holiday, the day that Robert SCHUMAN proposed the creation of the European Coal и Steel Community to achieve an organized Europe
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Конституция:
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based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal и Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) и the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on Европейское сообщество (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; и the Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two лет for ratification either by parliamentary vote или national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French и Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback to the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Council agreed on a clear и concise mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference to form a political agreement и put it into legal form; this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as a constitution и was presented to the European Council in October 2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irish voters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process
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Федеральное устройство:
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comparable to the legal systems of member states; first supranational law system
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Совершенолетие:
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совершеннолетние; universal
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Исполнительная власть:
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chief of union: Президент of the European Commission Jose Manuel DURAO BARROSO (since 22 November 2004)
cabinet: European Commission (composed of 27 members, один from each member country; each commissioner responsible for один или more policy areas)
выборы: the president of the European Commission is designated by member governments и is confirmed by the European Parliament; working from member state recommendations, the Commission president then assembles a "college" of Commission members; the European Parliament confirms the entire Commission for a five-year term; the last confirmation process was held 18 November 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
результаты выборов: European Parliament approved the European Commission by an approval vote of 449 to 149 with 82 abstentions
примечание: the European Council brings together heads of state и government и the president of the European Commission и meets at least four times a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the major political issues relating to European integration и to issue general policy guidelines
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Законодательная власть:
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two legislative bodies consisting of the Council of the Европейское сообщество (27 member-state ministers having 345 votes; the number of votes is roughly proportional to member-states' population; note - the Council is the main decision-making body of the EU) и the European Parliament (785 seats, as of 1 January 2007; seats allocated among member states by proportion to population; members elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term)
выборы: last held 10-13 June 2004 (next to be held June 2009)
результаты выборов: percent of vote - нет; seats by party - EPP-ED 268, PES 202, ALDE 88, Greens/EFA 42, EUL/NGL 41, IND/DEM 36, UEN 27, independents 28; note - seats by party as of 1 December 2007 - EPP-ED 275, PES 217, ALDE 104, UEN 44, Greens/EFA 42, EUL/NGL 41, IND/DEM 24, independents 34, 4 unaccounted for
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Судебная власть:
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Court of Justice of the European Communities (ensures that the treaties are interpreted и applied uniformly throughout the EU; resolve constitutional issues among the EU institutions) - 27 justices (один from each member state) appointed for a six-year term; note - for the sake of efficiency, the court can sit with 13 justices known as the "Grand Chamber"; Court of First Instance - 27 justices appointed for a six-year term
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Политические партии и лидеры:
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Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left или EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European Люди's Party-European Democrats или EPP-ED [Joseph DAUL]; Group of the Alliance of Liberals и Democrats for Europe или ALDE [Graham R. WATSON]; Group of Greens/European Free Alliance или Greens/EFA [Monica FRASSONI и Daniel Marc COHN-BENDIT]; Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty Group или ITS [Bruno GOLLNISCH]; Independence/Democracy Group или IND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE и Nigel FARAGE]; Socialist Group in the European Parliament или PES [Martin SCHULZ]; Union for Europe of the Nations Group или UEN [Brian CROWLEY и Cristiana MUSCARDINI]
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Участие в международных организациях:
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Европейское сообщество: ARF (dialogue member), ASEAN (dialogue member), IDA, OAS (observer), PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), UN (observer)
European Community: Australian Group, CBSS, CERN, FAO, EBRD, G-10, LAIA, NSG (observer), OECD, UNRWA, WCO, WTO, ZC (observer)
European Central Bank: BIS
European Investment Bank: EBRD, WADB (nonregional member)
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Дипломатическое представительство в США:
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глава представительства: Ambassador John BRUTON
chancery: 2300 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037
телефон: [1] (202) 862-9500
факс: [1] (202) 429-1766
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Дипломатическое представительство из США:
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глава представительства: Ambassador C. Boyden GRAY
посольство: 13 Zinnerstraat/Rue Zinner, B-1000 Brussels
почтовый адрес: same as above
телефон: [32] (2) 508-2222
факс: [32] (2) 512-5720
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Флаг:
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blue field with 12 five-pointed золото stars arranged in a circle in the center, representing the union of the peoples of Europe; the number of stars is fixed
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Экономическйи обзор:
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Internally, the EU is attempting to lower trade barriers, adopt a common currency, и move toward convergence of living standards. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade position и its political и economic power. Because of the great differences in per capita income among member states (from $7,000 to $69,000) и historic national animosities, the EU faces difficulties in devising и enforcing common policies. For example, since 2003 Германия и Франция have flouted the member states' treaty obligation to prevent their national budgets from running more than a 3% deficit. In 2004 и 2007, the EU admitted 10 и two countries, respectively, that are, in general, less advanced technologically и economically than the other 15. Eleven established EU member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 January 1999 (Греция did so two лет later), but the Великобритания, Швеция, и Дания chose not to participate. Of the 12 most recent member states, only Словения (1 January 2007) и Кипр и Мальта (1 January 2008) have adopted the euro; the remaining nine are legally required to adopt the currency upon meeting EU's fiscal и monetary convergence criteria.
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ВВП в паритете покупательной способности:
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$14.38 триллионов (2007 est.)
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ВВП согласно официальному валютному курсу:
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$16.62 триллионов (2007 est.)
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ВВП - реальный темп роста:
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3% (2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$32,300 (2007 est.)
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ВВП - распределение по отраслям экономики:
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сельское хозяйство: 2%
промышленность: 27.1%
сервисное обслуживание: 70.7% (2006 est.)
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Рабочая сила:
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222.5 миллионов (2006 est.)
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Рабочая сила - по отраслям экономики:
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сельское хозяйство: 4.4%
промышленность: 27.1%
сервисное обслуживание: 67.1%
примечание: the remainder is in miscellaneous public и private sector industries и services (2002 est.)
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Уровень безработицы:
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8.5% (2006 est.)
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Доля населения, живущая за чертой бедности:
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note - see individual country entries of member states
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Доля доходов 10% самых богатых и 10% самых бедных граждан страны
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доля доходов самых бедных 10%: 2.8%
доля доходов самых богатых 10%: 25.1% (2001 est.)
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Распределение доходов семей - индекс Джини:
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30.7 (2003 est.)
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Уровень инфляции:
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1.8% (2006 est.)
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Инвестиции (валовые накопления):
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21.6% от ВВП (2006 est.)
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Продукты сельского хозяйства:
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пшеница, barley, oilseeds, sugar beets, wine, grapes; молочная продукция, cattle, sheep, pigs, птица; рыба
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Отрасли специализации промышленности:
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among the world's largest и most technologically advanced, the Европейское сообщество industrial base включая: ferrous и non-ferrous metal production и processing, metal products, нефть, каменный уголь, cement, химическая промышленность, pharmaceuticals, аэрокосмическая промышленность, rail транспорт equipment, passenger и commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools и automated обрабатывающая промышленность systems, производство электроники и средства телекоммуникации, рыболовство, food и beverage processing, фурнитура, paper, textiles, tourism
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Рост производства промышленной продукции:
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2.7% (2006 est.)
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Производство электроэнергии:
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3.02 триллионов кВ (2004 est.)
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Потребление электроэнергии:
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2.82 триллионов кВ (2004 est.)
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Экспорт электроэнергии:
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нет кВ
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Импорт электроэнергии:
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нет кВ
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Производство нефти:
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2.874 миллионов баррелей в день (2004)
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Потребление нефти:
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14.55 миллионов баррелей в день (2004)
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Экспорт нефти:
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6.979 миллионов баррелей в день (2001)
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Импорт нефти:
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17.71 миллионов баррелей в день (2001)
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Доказанные запасы нефти:
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7.072 миллиардов: bbl (1 January 2005)
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Производство природного газа:
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215.4 миллиардов: куб.м (2005 est.)
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Потребление природного газа:
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496.1 миллиардов: куб.м (2005 est.)
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Экспорт природного газа:
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76.48 миллиардов: куб.м (2005 est.)
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Импорт природного газа:
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361.2 миллиардов: куб.м (2005 est.)
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Доказанные запасы природного газа:
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3.31 триллионов куб.м (1 January 2006 est.)
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Платежный баланс:
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$нет
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Экспорт:
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$1.33 триллионов; note - external exports, excluding intra-EU trade (2005)
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Основные статьи экспорта:
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machinery, автомобильная промышленность, самолеты, plastics, pharmaceuticals и other химическая промышленность, fuels, железная руда и steel, nonferrous metals, wood pulp и paper products, textiles, meat, молочная продукция, рыба, alcoholic beverages.
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Партнеры по экспорту:
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US 23.3%, Швейцария 7.6%, Россия 5.2%, Китай 4.8% (2006)
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Импорт:
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$1.466 триллионов; note - external imports, excluding intra-EU trade (2005)
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Основные статьи импорта:
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machinery, vehicles, самолеты, plastics, сырая нефть, химическая промышленность, textiles, metals, foodstuffs, одежда
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Партнеры по импорту:
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US 13.8%, Китай 13.4%, Россия 8.2%, Япония 6.2% (2006)
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Резервы иностранной валюты и золота:
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$нет
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Код валюты:
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euro, British pound, Bulgarian lev, Czech koruna, Danish krone, Estonian kroon, Hungarian forint, Latvian lat, Lithuanian litas, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Slovak koruna, Swedish krona
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Курс национальной валюты по отношению к доллару США:
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euros per доллар США - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
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Дата начала финансового года:
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нет
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Число аэропортов:
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3,393 (2006)
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Число аэропортов (взлетная полоса с искусственным покрытием)
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всего: 1,991
over 3,047m: 110
2,438 to 3,047m: 347
1,524 to 2,437m: 545
914 to 1,523m: 420
under 914m: 569 (2007)
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Число аэропортов - with unpaved runways:
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всего: 1,373
over 3,047m: 2
2,438 to 3,047m: 5
1,524 to 2,437m: 30
914m to 1,523m: 267
under 914m: 1,043 (2007)
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Аэропорты для вертолетов:
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100 (2007)
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Протяженность железных дорог:
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всего: 236,436 км
broad коллея: 28,250 км
по стандарту: 200,401 км
узкая коллея: 7,771 км
другое: 23 км (2007)
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Автомобильные дороги:
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всего: 5,269,163 км (включая 56,555 км автомагистралей)
с асфальтовым покрытием: 4,465,493 км
без асфальтового покрытия: 803,670 км (2006)
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Протяженность внутренних водных путей:
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52,332 км (2006)
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Порты и терминалы:
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Antwerp (Бельгия), Barcelona (Испания), Braila (Румыния), Bremen (Германия), Burgas (Болгария), Constanta (Румыния), Copenhagen (Дания), Galati (Румыния), Gdansk (Польша), Hamburg (Германия), Helsinki (Финляндия), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Испания), Le Havre (Франция), Lisbon (Португалия), London (Великобритания), Marseille (Франция), Naples (Италия), Peiraiefs или Piraeus (Греция), Riga (Латвия), Rotterdam (Нидерланды), Stockholm (Швеция), Talinn (Эстония), Tulcea (Румыния), Varna (Болгария)
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Армия - данные:
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the five-nation Eurocorps - created in 1992 by Франция, Германия, Бельгия, Испания, и Люксембург - has deployed troops и police on peacekeeping missions to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Македония, и the Democratic Республика the Congo и assumed command of the ISAF in Афганистан in August 2004; Eurocorps directly commands the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade, the Multinational Command Support Brigade, и EUFOR in Босния и Герцеговина; in November 2004, the EU Council of Ministers formally committed to creating 13 1,500-man battle groups by the end of 2007, to respond to international crises on a rotating basis; 22 of the EU's 25 nations have agreed to supply troops; Франция, Италия, и the Великобритания formed the first of three battle groups in 2005; Норвегия, Швеция, Эстония, и Финляндия established the Nordic Battle Group принята 1 January 2008; nine other groups are to be formed; a rapid-reaction naval EU Maritime Task Group was stood up in March 2007 (2007)
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Международные разногласия:
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as a political union, the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries, but Эстония has no land boundary agreements with Россия, Словения disputes its land и maritime boundaries with Хорватия, и Испания has territorial и maritime disputes with Мороккo и with the Великобритания over Гибралтар: заморская территория Великобритании; the EU has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 22 EU member states that have signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements или "acquis" (1985 и 1990) on the free movement of persons и the harmonization of border controls in Europe; these agreements became incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; in addition, non-EU states Исландия и Норвегия (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current membership to 24; the Великобритания (since 2000) и Ирландия (since 2002) take part in only some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police и criminal matters; nine of the 12 new member states that joined the EU in 2004 joined Schengen on 21 December 2007; of the three remaining EU states, Кипр is expected to join by 2009, while Румыния и Болгария continue to enhance their border security systems
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Последние изменения на эту страницу были внесены 4 сентября 2008 года.
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