Условное обозначение:  Определение  Показатель во всех странах  Ранжирование
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Историческая справка:
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Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya Empire of the 4th и 3rd centuries B.C. - which reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Азия. The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, и culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century и Turkic in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both Мир Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI и Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state Индии и the smaller мусульмане state Пакистана. A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Пакистан becoming the separate nation Бангладеша. Индия's nuclear weapons testing in 1998 caused Пакистан to conduct its own tests that same year. The dispute between the countries over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions и confidence-building measures have led to decreased tensions since 2002. Despite impressive gains in economic investment и output, Индия faces pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, и ethnic и religious strife.
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Месторасположение:
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Southern Азия, bordering the Arabian Sea и the Bay of Bengal, between Мьянма и Пакистан
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Географические координаты:
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20 00 N, 77 00 E
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Ссылка на карту «Всемирного справочника ЦРУ»
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Азия
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Площадь:
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всего: 3,287,590 кв. км.
суша: 2,973,190 кв. км.
вода 314,400 кв. км.
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Площадь в сравнении с США:
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slightly more than один-third the size of the US
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Протяженность сухопутных границ:
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всего: 14,103 км
пограничные государства: Бангладеш 4,053 км, Бутан 605 км, Мьянма 1,463 км, Китай 3,380 км, Непал 1,690 км, Пакистан 2,912 км
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Протяженность водных границ:
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7,000 км
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Территориальные воды:
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территориальные воды: 12 миль от берега
морская прибрежная зона: 24 миль от берега
экономическая зона: 200 миль от берега
континентальный шельф: 200 миль от берега или to the edge of the continental margin
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Климат:
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varies from tropical monsoon in юг to temperate in север
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Особенности местности:
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upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in юг, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in запад, Himalayas in север
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Возвышенности:
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самая низкая точка Индийский океан 0 m
самая высокая точка Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
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Природные ресурсы:
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каменный уголь (fourth-largest reserves in the world), железная руда, manganese, mica, боксит, titanium ore, chromite, природный газ, алмазы, нефть, limestone, пахотные земли
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Использование земельных ресурсов:
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пахотные земли: 48.83%
многолетние культуры: 2.8%
другое: 48.37% (2005)
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Орошаемые земли:
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558,080 кв. км. (2003)
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Всего водных ресурсов:
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1,907.8 куб.км. (1999)
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Использование водных ресурсов:
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всего: 645.84 куб.км в год (8%/5%/86%)
на душу населения: 585 куб.м в год (2000)
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Природные опасности:
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засухи; flash floods, as well as widespread и destructive наводнения from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
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Загрязнения окружающей среды:
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deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents и vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage и runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge и growing population is overstraining natural resources
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Присоединение к международным соглашениям:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Примечания:
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dominates South азиаты subcontinent; near important Индийский океан trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on the border with Непал
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Население:
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1,147,995,904 (July 2008 est.)
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Возрастно-половая структура:
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0-14 лет: 31.5% (мужчин 189,238,487/female 172,168,306)
15-64 лет: 63.3% (мужчин 374,157,581/female 352,868,003)
65 лет и более: 5.2% (мужчин 28,285,796/female 31,277,725) (2008 est.)
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Средний возраст:
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всего: 25.1 лет
мужчин: 24.7 лет
женщин: 25.5 лет (2008 est.)
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Темп прироста/убыли населения в последний год
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1.578% (2008 est.)
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Рождаемость:
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22.22 рожденных на 1000 населения (2008 est.)
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Смертность:
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6.4 смертей на 1000 населения (2008 est.)
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Чистый показатель миграции:
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-0.05 приезжих на 1000 населения (2008 est.)
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Число мужчин относительно женщин:
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при рождении: 1.12 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
до 15 лет: 1.1 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
15-64 лет: 1.06 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
65 лет и более: 0.9 мужчин по отношению к женщинам
все население: 1.03 мужчин по отношению к женщинам (2008 est.)
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Уровень младенческой смертности:
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всего: 32.31 смертей на 1000 рожденных
мужчин: 36.94 смертей на 1000 рожденных
женщин: 27.12 смертей на 1000 рожденных (2008 est.)
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Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни:
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все население: 69.25 лет
мужчин: 66.87 лет
женщин: 71.9 лет (2008 est.)
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Общий уровень фертильности:
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2.76 детей на одну женщину (2008 est.)
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Доля ВИЧ-инфицированных среди взрослого населения:
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0.9% (2001 est.)
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Люди, живущие с ВИЧ/СПИДОМ:
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5.1 миллионов (2001 est.)
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ВИЧ/СПИД - смертные случаи:
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310,000 (2001 est.)
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Инфекционные заболевания:
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степень риска: high
болезни, возникающие из-за употребления загрязненной еды или воды: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A и E, и typhoid fever
трансмиссивные болезни chikungunya, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, и malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
примечание: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2008)
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Национальность:
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имя существительное: Indian(s)
имя прилагательное: Indian
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Этнические группы:
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Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid и other 3% (2000)
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Религии:
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Hindu 80.5%, мусульмане 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
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Языки:
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Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%, Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil 5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%, Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam 3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%, other 5.9%
примечание: английский enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, и commercial communication; Hindi is the national language и primary tongue of 41% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, и Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern Индия but is not an official language (2001 census)
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Словесная грамотность:
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объяснение: старше 15 лет, кто умеет читать и писать
все население: 61%
мужчин: 73.4%
женщин: 47.8% (2001 census)
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Обучение в школе:
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всего: 10 лет
мужчин: 11 лет
женщин: 9 лет (2005)
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Расходы на образование:
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3.2% (2005)
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Название страны:
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полное название страны: Республика Индия
сокращенное название страны: Индия
local long form: Республика Индия/Bharatiya Ganarajya
local short form: Индия/Bharat
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Тип правления:
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federal republic
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Столица:
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название: New Delhi
географические координаты: 28 36 N, 77 12 E
отличие по времени: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC от стандартного времени)
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Административное деление:
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28 states и 7 union territories*; Andaman и Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra и Nagar Haveli*, Daman и Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu и Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal
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Независимость:
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15 August 1947 (from Великобритания)
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Национальные праздники:
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Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
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Конституция:
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26 January 1950; amended many times
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Федеральное устройство:
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based on английский common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, и Hindus
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Совершенолетие:
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совершеннолетние; universal
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Исполнительная власть:
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глава государства: Президент Pratibha PATIL (since 25 July 2007); Vice Президент Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August 2007)
глава правительства: Премьер Министр Manmohan SINGH (since 22 May 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
выборы: president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament и the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held 21 July 2007 (next to be held in July 2012); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12 August 2002 (next to be held August 2007); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held April - May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
результаты выборов: Pratibha PATIL elected president; percent of vote - 65.8%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT - 34.2%
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Законодательная власть:
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bicameral Parliament или Sansad consists of the Council of States или Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members up to 12 of whom are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state и territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) и the Люди's Assembly или Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
выборы: Люди's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May 2004 (next must be held by May 2009)
результаты выборов: Люди's Assembly - percent of vote by party - нет; seats by party - INC 147, BJP 129, CPI (M) 43, SP 38, RJD 23, DMK 16, BSP 15, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 10, JD (U) 8, SAD 8, PMK 6, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, TDP 4, TRS 4, independent 6, other 29, vacant 13; note - seats by party as of December 2006
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Судебная власть:
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Supreme Court (один chief justice и 25 associate justices are appointed by the president и remain in office until they reach the age of 65 или are removed for "proved misbehavior")
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Политические партии и лидеры:
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Bahujan Samaj Party или BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party или BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal или BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party Индии или CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party Индии-Marxist или CPI-M [Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham или DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress или INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United) или JD(U) [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha или JMM [Shibu SOREN]; Left Front (an alliance of Indian leftist parties); Lok Jan Shakti Party или LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam или MDMK [V. Gopalswamy VAIKO]; Nationalist Congress Party или NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi или PMK [S. RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal или RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Samajwadi Party или SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal или SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena или SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Telangana Rashtriya Samithi или TRS [K. Chandrashekhar RAO]; Telugu Desam Party или TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; United Progressive Alliance или UPA [Sonia GANDHI] (Индия's ruling party coalition of 12 political parties); note - Индия has dozens of national и regional political parties; only parties или coalitions with four или more seats in the Люди's Assembly are listed
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Политические партии и лидеры, находящиеся под запретом:
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All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley (separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization); National Socialist Council of Nagaland in the northeast (separatist group); Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (religious organization); Vishwa Hindu Parishad (religious organization
другое: numerous religious или militant/chauvinistic organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater communal и/или regional autonomy
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Участие в международных организациях:
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ADB, AfDB (nonregional members), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN (observer), CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Дипломатическое представительство в США:
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глава представительства: Ambassador Ranendra SEN
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
телефон: [1] (202) 939-7000
факс: [1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco
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Дипломатическое представительство из США:
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глава представительства: Ambassador David C. MULFORD
посольство: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
почтовый адрес: use embassy street address
телефон: [91] (011) 2419-8000
факс: [91] (11) 2419-0017
consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)
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Флаг:
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three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), белые, и green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the белые band; similar to the flag Нигера, which has a small orange disk centered in the белые band
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Экономическйи обзор:
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Индия's diverse economy encompasses traditional village фермерство, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, и a multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half Индии's output with less than один third of its labor force. About three-fifths of the work force is in agriculture, leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government to articulate an economic reform program that включая developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor и boost economic performance. The government has reduced controls on foreign trade и investment. Higher limits on foreign direct investment were permitted in a few key sectors, such as телекоммуникации. However, tariff spikes in sensitive categories, including agriculture, и incremental progress on economic reforms still hinder foreign access to Индия's vast и growing market. Privatization of government-owned industries remains stalled и continues to generate political debate; populist pressure from within the UPA government и from its Left Front allies continues to restrain needed initiatives. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. Индия achieved 8.5% GDP growth in 2006, и again in 2007, significantly expanding production of manufactures. Индия is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the английский language to become a major exporter of software services и software workers. Economic expansion has helped New Delhi continue to make progress in reducing its federal fiscal deficit. However, strong growth combined with easy consumer credit и a real estate boom fueled inflation concerns in 2006 и 2007, leading to a series of central bank interest rate hikes that have slowed credit growth и eased inflation concerns. The huge и growing population is the fundamental social, economic, и environmental problem.
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ВВП в паритете покупательной способности:
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$2.989 триллионов (2007 est.)
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ВВП согласно официальному валютному курсу:
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$1.099 триллионов (2007 est.)
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ВВП - реальный темп роста:
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9.2% (2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$2,700 (2007 est.)
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ВВП - распределение по отраслям экономики:
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сельское хозяйство: 17.6%
промышленность: 29.4%
сервисное обслуживание: 52.9% (2007 est.)
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Рабочая сила:
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516.4 миллионов (2007 est.)
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Рабочая сила - по отраслям экономики:
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сельское хозяйство: 60%
промышленность: 12%
сервисное обслуживание: 28% (2003)
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Уровень безработицы:
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7.2% (2007 est.)
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Доля населения, живущая за чертой бедности:
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25% (2007 est.)
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Доля доходов 10% самых богатых и 10% самых бедных граждан страны
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доля доходов самых бедных 10%: 3.6%
доля доходов самых богатых 10%: 31.1% (2004)
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Распределение доходов семей - индекс Джини:
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36.8 (2004)
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Уровень инфляции:
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6.4% (2007 est.)
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Инвестиции (валовые накопления):
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34.6% от ВВП (2007 est.)
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Бюджет:
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доходы: $141.8 миллиардов:
расходы: $178.3 миллиардов: (2007 est.)
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Государственный долг:
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58% от ВВП (federal и state debt combined) (2007 est.)
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Продукты сельского хозяйства:
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рис, пшеница, oilseed, хлопок, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, птица; рыба
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Отрасли специализации промышленности:
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textiles, химическая промышленность, пищевая промышленность, steel, транспорт equipment, cement, добыча полезных ископаемых, нефть, machinery, software
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Рост производства промышленной продукции:
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8.9% (2007 est.)
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Производство электроэнергии:
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661.6 миллиардов: кВ (2005)
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Потребление электроэнергии:
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488.5 миллиардов: кВ (2005)
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Экспорт электроэнергии:
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67 миллионов кВ (2005)
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Импорт электроэнергии:
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1.764 миллиардов: кВ (2005)
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Производство нефти:
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834,600 баррелей в день (2005 est.)
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Потребление нефти:
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2.438 миллионов баррелей в день (2005 est.)
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Экспорт нефти:
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350,000 баррелей в день (2005 est.)
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Импорт нефти:
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2.098 миллионов баррелей в день (2004 est.)
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Доказанные запасы нефти:
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5.7 миллиардов: bbl (2007 est.)
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Производство природного газа:
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28.68 миллиардов: куб.м (2005 est.)
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Потребление природного газа:
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34.47 миллиардов: куб.м (2005 est.)
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Экспорт природного газа:
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0 куб.м (2005 est.)
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Импорт природного газа:
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5.793 миллиардов: куб.м (2005)
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Доказанные запасы природного газа:
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1.056 триллионов куб.м (1 January 2006 est.)
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Платежный баланс:
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-$19.35 миллиардов: (2007 est.)
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Экспорт:
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$150.8 миллиардов: f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Основные статьи экспорта:
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нефтяные продукты, textile goods, gems и jewelry, engineering goods, химическая промышленность, leather manufactures
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Партнеры по экспорту:
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US 15.1%, UAE 8.8%, Китай 8.4%, Великобритания 4.3% (2006)
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Импорт:
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$230.2 миллиардов: f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Основные статьи импорта:
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сырая нефть, machinery, gems, fertilizer, химическая промышленность
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Партнеры по импорту:
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Китай 10.5%, US 7.8%, Германия 4.5%, Сингапур 4.5% (2006)
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Размеры получаемой экономической помощи:
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$1.724 миллиардов: (2005)
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Резервы иностранной валюты и золота:
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$275 миллиардов: (31 December 2007 est.)
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Величина внешнего долга:
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$148.1 миллиардов: (31 December 2007)
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Прямые иностранные инвестиции в страну:
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$95.28 миллиардов: (2007 est.)
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Прямые инвестиции из страны в другие страны:
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$37.62 миллиардов: (2007 est.)
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Рыночная стоимость компаний, котирующихся на бирже:
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$818.9 миллиардов: (2006)
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Код валюты:
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Indian rupee (INR)
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Курс национальной валюты по отношению к доллару США:
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Indian rupees per доллар США - 41.487 (2007), 45.3 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003)
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Дата начала финансового года:
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1 April - 31 March
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Телефония - основные линии:
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49.75 миллионов (2005)
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Сотовые телефоны:
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233.62 миллионов (2007)
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Телефонные системы:
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общая оценка: recent deregulation и liberalization of телекоммуникации laws и policies have prompted rapid growth; local и long distance service provided throughout all regions of the country, with services primarily concentrated in the urban areas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admission of private и private-public investors, but combined fixed и mobile telephone density remains low at about 20 for each 100 persons nationwide и much lower for persons in rural areas; fastest growth is in cellular service with modest growth in fixed lines
внутри страны: mobile cellular service introduced in 1994 и organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas и 19 telecom circles each with about three private service providers и один state-owned service provider; in recent лет significant trunk capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable и один of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT)
международные: код страны - 91; a number of major international submarine cable systems, including Sea-Me-We-3 with landing sites at Cochin и Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-Me-We-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), Южно-Африканская Республика - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Сингапур with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) и Chennai (Madras), и Tata Indicom linking Сингапур и Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both voice и data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Индийский океан) и 1 Inmarsat (Индийский океан region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, и Ernakulam
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Радиостанции:
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AM 153, FM 91, коротковолновый диапазон 68 (1998)
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Телевизионные станции:
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562 (1997)
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Доменная зона:
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.in
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Число компьютеров, подключенных к интернету:
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2.306 миллионов (2007)
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Пользователи интернета:
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60 миллионов (2005)
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Число аэропортов:
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346 (2007)
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Число аэропортов (взлетная полоса с искусственным покрытием)
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всего: 250
более 3,047 m: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 52
1,524 to 2,437 m: 75
914 to 1,523 m: 84
менее 914 m: 21 (2007)
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Число аэропортов - with unpaved runways:
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всего: 96
более 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 40
менее 914 m: 47 (2007)
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Аэропорты для вертолетов:
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30 (2007)
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Протяженность трубопроводов:
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condensate/газ 9 км; газ 7,488 км; liquid нефть газ 1,861 км; нефть 7,883 км; очищенные продукты 6,422 км (2007)
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Протяженность железных дорог:
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всего: 63,221 км
broad коллея: 46,807 км 1.676-m коллея (17,343 км электрофицированные)
узкая коллея: 13,290 км 1.000-m коллея (165 км электрофицированные); 3,124 км 0.762-m коллея и 0.610-m коллея (2006)
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Автомобильные дороги:
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всего: 3,383,344 км
с асфальтовым покрытием: 1,603,705 км
без асфальтового покрытия: 1,779,639 км (2002)
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Протяженность внутренних водных путей:
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14,500 км
примечание: 5,200 км on major rivers и 485 км on canals suitable for mechanized vessels (2006)
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Число судов торгового флота, общий грузооборот, распределение по типам судов:
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всего: 493 ships (1000 GRT или over) 8,272,533 GRT/14,117,658 DWT
по типу: bulk carrier 104, cargo 232, carrier 1, chemical tanker 19, container 12, liquefied газ 19, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 11, нефть tanker 91, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 12 (Китай 1, Гонконг 1, UAE 8, Великобритания 2)
registered in other countries: 59 (Барбадос 1, Коморские Острова 2, Кипр 1, Доминика 2, Гибралтар: заморская территория Великобритании 1, Либерия 2, Мальта 3, Панама 29, Сингапур 10, St Kitts и Nevis 1, St Vincent и the Grenadines 6, unknown 1) (2008)
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Порты и терминалы:
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Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mormugao, Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam
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Военные подразделения:
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Army, Navy (включая naval air arm), Air Force (Bharatiya Vayu Sena), Coast Guard (2008)
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Армия service age и obligation:
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16 лет of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women officers allowed in noncombat roles only (2008)
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Население призывного возраста:
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мужчины с 16 до 49 лет: 301,094,084
женщины с 16 до 49 лет: 283,047,141 (2008 est.)
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Люди, подходящие для службы в армии:
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мужчины с 16 до 49 лет: 231,161,111
женщины с 16 до 49 лет: 236,633,962 (2008 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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мужчины с 16 до 49 лет: 11,592,516
женщины с 16 до 49 лет: 10,636,857 (2008 est.)
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Армия расходы:
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2.5% (2006)
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Международные разногласия:
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since Китай и Индия launched a security и foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that Китай transferred missiles to Пакистан, и other matters continue; various talks и confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 землетрясения in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest и most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration Китая (Aksai Chin), Индия (Jammu и Kashmir), и Пакистан (Azad Kashmir и Northern Areas); Индия и Пакистан have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir и initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Пакистан protests Индия's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control и construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu и Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River и its tributaries; UN Армия Observer Group in Индия и Пакистан (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; Индия does not recognize Пакистан's ceding historic Kashmir lands to Китай in 1964; to defuse tensions и prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, Индия и Пакистан seek технический персонал resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Бангладеш remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in Индия и 111 Indian exclaves in Бангладеш, to allocate divided villages, и to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, и transit of terrorists through the porous border; Бангладеш protests Индия's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Бангладеш over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Индия seeks cooperation from Бутан и Мьянма to keep Indian Nagaland и Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Непал continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 квадратные kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; Индия maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents и control illegal cross-border activities from Непал
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Беженцы и вынужденные переселенцы:
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беженцы (country of origin): 77,200 (Tibet/Китай); 69,609 (Шри-Ланка); 9,472 (Афганистан)
IDPs: at least 600,000 (about half are Kashmiri Pandits from Jammu и Kashmir) (2007)
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Trafficking in persons:
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current situation: Индия is a source, destination, и transit country for men, women, и children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor и commercial sexual exploitation; internal forced labor may constitute Индия's largest trafficking problem; men, women, и children are held in debt bondage и face forced labor working in brick kilns, рис mills, agriculture, и embroidery factories; women и girls are trafficked within the country for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation и forced marriage; children are subjected to forced labor as factory workers, domestic servants, beggars, и agriculture workers, и have been used as armed combatants by some terrorist и insurgent groups; Индия is also a destination for women и girls from Непал и Бангладеш trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; Indian women are trafficked to the Middle East for commercial sexual exploitation; men и women from Бангладеш и Непал are trafficked through Индия for forced labor и commercial sexual exploitation in the Middle East
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Индия is on the Tier 2 Watch List for a fifth consecutive year for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking in 2007; despite the reported extent of the trafficking crisis in Индия, government authorities made uneven efforts to prosecute traffickers и protect trafficking victims; government authorities continued to rescue victims of commercial sexual exploitation и forced child labor и child armed combatants, и began to show progress in law enforcement against these forms of trafficking; a critical challenge overall is the lack of punishment for traffickers, effectively resulting in impunity for acts of human trafficking; Индия has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
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Транзит наркотиков:
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world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries и throughout Southwest Азия; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine и precursor production
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Последние изменения на эту страницу были внесены 4 сентября 2008 года.
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